1.Molybdenum can inhibit the formation of carbonation and promote the formation of pearlite. It has . MoO3briquettes may also contain some amount of carbon (C). With the increase of Mo content, the size of the dimple gradually tended to increase. Because most molybdenum is used as a steel alloy, demand for, and therefore the price of, molybdenum, tracks the demand for steel. Figure 7a shows the fracture surface of the sample without Mo addition. Excessive intake of molybdenum can cause copper deficiency, which may lead to anemia. The chemical composition of precipitates in steel was determined by TEM equipped with EDS detection to study the role of Mo in the changes of number density and size of precipitates. According to Equation (4), it can be calculated that the volume fraction of precipitates in N1, N2, N3, and N4 steel was 1.375%, 1.433%, 1.593%, and 1.761%, respectively. What is effect of chromium and molybdenum in low alloy steels? In Figure 8k, the cleavage facets were smaller, more white tearing edges were observed, and the cleavage surface was further uneven, which indicated that the steel possessed the ability of a certain resistance to crack propagation. Pu J., Yu S.F., Li Y.Y. It is a powerful hardenability agent and is a constituent of many heat treatable alloy steels. A single-pass submerged-arc welding process was employed with a heat input of approximately 100 kJ/cm. This coincides with the observations in the dilatometer experiments. Mo is the basis for many of the as-rolled DP (dual phase) steels used in automotive applications. Your email address will not be published. 2) The low content of Mo formed the cementite with iron and carbon, and the special carbide of molybdenum can be formed when the content is high. The surface of the fracture was flattening and had obvious metallic luster. ; writingreview and editing, L.Z., Q.Z., S.W. There are many grades of stainless steels with different Mo along with Cr, Ni (nickel), and N (nitrogen) etc. The experimental evidence on the effects of Mo on precipitates and toughness of steel should be explored further. In summary, the effect of Mo on the microstructure, precipitates, and impact toughness in HAZ were investigated in this study. The equivalent diameter of 400 austenite grains in N1, N2, N3, and N4 steel was measured and statistically analyzed, respectively. It will take less then a minute, Technological and other processes/equipments associated with steel industry, Management in steel plant along with training and development, Raw materials and other materials used in steel plants, Organizational Ethics and Values and their Importance. /* 300x250, created 1/18/11 */ In hot-work steels and high speed steels, it increases red-hardness properties. Alloying elements that tend to make the structure ferritic are called ferrite formers. ), 4School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China. Figure 7b shows the fracture surface of the sample with 0.04% Mo addition. In austenitic stainless steels it improves pitting corrosion resistance. Stainless steels made with Mo have the strength and corrosion resistance needed for use in water distribution systems; food handling and chemical processing equipment; and home, hospital, and laboratory devices. When the content of chromium in stainless steel is sufficient, molybdenum has an obvious effect on improving the corrosion resistance of stainless steel. This distortion in crystal structure and presence of strain field prevents dislocation movement making steel stronger and harder. After this, heating to the austenitizing range, 1170 to 1240 deg C (depending on grade) is to be rapid to minimize grain growth. Molybdenum is a strong carbide former and is usually present in alloy steels in amounts less than 1%. Molybdenum is an important alloying element in Cr-Mo steel as it improve creep properties in steel. In the existence of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide after hydrogen refined desulfurization reactions and its fluid pipes, it can form ammonium hydrogen sulfide(NH4HS), the nitrogen in the raw material is transformed into NH3 in the reactor, and in the outflow heat exchanger, ammonia and hydrogen . Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Required fields are marked *. 5.8 inches boning knives german molybdenum vanadium steel steel pakka wood handl. Molybdenum containing austen-itic steels, such as AISI 316 SSs, are immune to sul-fate-thiosulfate pitting type attack [10]. Australia's Minister for Industry and Science has decided to secure the continuation of anti-dumping measures currently applying to certain wire rope exported from South Africa to the country, Kallanish learns. Mater. Mo slows ferrite separation from austenite to greatly increase the bainitic hardenability. In small quantities in stainless steel, molybdenum increases hardenability and strength, particularly at high temperatures. Case hardened steels Mo content ranges from 0.15 % to 0.5 %. Molybdenum is a refractory metal like tungsten. . This seemingly small difference profoundly affects the properties of these steels. To investigate the characteristics of precipitates in steel, scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) bright-field (BF)/dark-field (DF) images, EDS mappings of precipitates in steel were acquired by using TEM equipped with an EDS detection system operated at a voltage of 200 kV. Mo is normally referred in short as moly. MoO3 is supplied either in cans or as briquettes. It is relatively expensive and is sparingly used for addition. Int. As shown in Figure 7d, the area of the fibrous crack zone and tip blunting zone increased significantly, and the fracture surface was dark and had no metallic luster. The oxidation effect of molybdenum on stainless steel is not significant. and Z.L. Due to it, the use of Mo has increased considerably over the past several decades. The effect of titanium on both the crevice and pitting is less pronounced than that of the molybdenum effect [5,61. ); moc.361@bzzxdglbh (W.C.), 2College of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; nc.ude.naidix@gnijuhsuw, 3Analysis and Testing Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; moc.361@66gnailnuhcnay (C.Y. The microstructure in CGHAZ was mainly comprised of AF when 0.07% Mo was added in steel (Figure 6d). (a) STEM bright-field (BF) image of the typical precipitate, (b) STEM dark-field (DF) image of the typical precipitate, (cf) energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping of the precipitate in the N1 steel without Mo addition. In cattle, molybdenum has also been linked to fertility problems. After rough machining, steel articles are normally given a subcritical annealing treatment at 680 to700 deg C and slowly cooled to relieve machining stresses. The molybdenum effect on strength and ductility . Google Analytics generates statistical and other information about our websites use. heat-affected zone; high-strength low-alloy steel; impact toughness; microstructural evolution; molybdenum; precipitates. The ePub format is best viewed in the iBooks reader. Answer: As you most likely know, carbon, and to a lesser extent manganese, have the greatest effect on hardenability in steels. MOLDY is an open source program which can be used to mono atomic or polyatomic in cluster computer. Often used in chromium-nickel austenitic steels, molybdenum protects against pitting corrosion caused by chlorides and sulfur chemicals. Yu H, Wu K, Dong B, Yu L, Liu J, Liu Z, Xiao D, Jing X, Liu H. Materials (Basel). Moreover, the size distributions of N1, N2, N3, and N4 steel follow the log-normal form, with average sizes of 72.5, 47.78, 41.13, and 31.02 nm, respectively. Respectively, the influence of molybdenum on the corrosion resistance of chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steel in nitric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, urea, and other media. Chemical composition of the steels (wt %). It provides customers with high-quality refractory metals & alloys such as tungsten, molybdenum,tantalum,rhenium,titanium,andzirconiumat a very competitive price. The size distribution of ferrite grains in the four kinds of rolled steel sheet is shown in Figure 5. The average size of austenite grain in N1, N2, N3, and N4 steel. Automotive, shipbuilding, aircraft and aerospace, Energy generation, including boilers, steam turbines and electricity generator. It was confirmed that the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) interlayer synthesized in this paper by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering altered the morphological characteristics of the CNWs, including its shaped edge, pores diameter and density. The calculated lattice misfit between Nb(C, N) and ferrite was approximately 11.39%, while it was reduced to 5.40% for (Nb, Mo)(C, N), which significantly affected the size and number density of precipitates. The austenite in N1, N2, and N3 steel was outlined by the yellow dotted line, as shown in Figure 6ac. This also improves dimensional stability during hardening. <br/> - This is Ultimate News Detail Page. 2021 May 31;14(11):2981. doi: 10.3390/ma14112981. This allows for normal uncertainties in scrap composition and permits closer control of final Mo content. A JEOL JEM-2800 transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEOL, Toyoshima, Japan) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) detection system was employed to determine the sizes and chemical compositions of precipitates. Zou X., Sun J., Matsuura H., Wang C. Unravelling microstructure evolution and grain boundary misorientation in coarse-grained heat-affected zone of EH420 shipbuilding steel subject to varied welding heat inputs. The morphology of the tip blunting zone in N1, N2, N3, and N4 steel was shown in Figure 8c,f,i,l, respectively. The microstructure of cast ingots, ( a ) N1, ( b ) N2,. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. We use the Google Analytics service to analyse website use and visitor numbers as part of a continual improvement process. In order to improve your experience on our website, we use functionally necessary session cookies, but no advertising or social media cookies. The addition of Mo can suppress the Widmansttten ferrite (WF) formation and promote the transformation of acicular ferrite (AF), leading to the fine transformed products in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Sci. (1993). The addition of Mo can suppress the Widmansttten ferrite (WF) formation and promote the transformation of acicular ferrite (AF), leading to the fine transformed products in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The samples were subjected to impact tests at the distance of 2 mm from the fusion line at 20 C by a drop-weight impact tester (JB-W300A series). As a large atom, molybdenum increases the elevated temperature strength of stainless steels through solid solution hardening. However, the properties for one family can be very different from the properties for another family. Finally, three impact test values with small deviations were selected, and the average value was taken as the impact test result. Effects of cooling rate and isothermal holding on the precipitation behavior during continuous casting of NbTi bearing HSLA steels. It can maintain sufficient strength and creep resistance (deformation occurs under long-term stress at high temperatures calls creep). In recent years, in order to reduce the construction cost and enhance the welding efficiency, high heat input welding rises in response to the proper time and conditions. After taking 300-800 micrograms of molybdenum supplements each day for 18 days (for a total dose of 13.5 mg), a man developed hallucinations and seizures, eventually resulting in permanent brain damage [ 13 ]. If the composition of the scrap is reasonably well known it may be more convenient to add MoO3 directly with the furnace charge, leaving an allowance for final ladle trimming with Fe- Mo, as appropriate. The rates of interim dumping duty for exporters from South Africa are set at 25.3%, and took effect from 19 December, 2022. The Effect of Inclusions on a Medium Temperature Transformation Microstructure and Toughness of High-Strength HSLA Steel. The functionality is limited to basic scrolling. These results suggested that the addition of Mo can strongly influence the microstructure in CGHAZ, thereby affecting the impact toughness of HAZ. The overall size distribution gradually shifted to the left as Mo was added to the steel, and thus, the ferrite grains exhibited a decreasing tendency in size. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Volume 35, Issue 2, February 1, 2023. A study on the relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of acicular ferrite and upper bainite. It has been pointed out in the literature that the longer the fibrous crack zone extends, the better the toughness of the material [26]. Figure 15a,b show the high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image of Nb(C, N) in N1 steel and (Nb, Mo)(C, N) in N4 steel, respectively. All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article. Additionally, a few hot compression tests were carried out to simulate the press hardening process of these experimental steels. As the content of Mo increased, the area occupied by the fibrous zone and the tip blunting zone gradually increased, which was accompanied by a gradual increase in impact toughness. Li X., Wang Z., Deng X., Li Y., Lou H., Wang G. Precipitation behavior and kinetics in Nb-V-bearing low-carbon steel. Vervynckt S., Verbeken K., Lopez B., Jonas J.J. Modern HSLA steels and role of non-recrystallisation temperature. Figure 13 shows the morphology and elemental distribution of the typical precipitates in N1 steel without Mo. The four kinds of steel sheets were machined into cylindrical samples with a diameter of 7 mm and a height of 3 mm, which were austenitized at 1100 C for 300 s and cooled to room temperature at a cooling rate of 7 C/s by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM, VL2000DX-SVF17SP, Lasertec, Kanagawa, Japan) to in situ record and observe the grain growth of austenite. Size distribution of ferrite grains in the four kinds of cast ingot. Mo makes a unique contribution to hot strength, corrosion resistance and toughness. The size distribution of ferrite grains in the four kinds of cast ingot is shown in Figure 3. However, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the steel plate must be subjected to a higher temperature thermal cycle and longer residence at high temperature during high heat input welding [10]. It is considered a mild hardenability agent, improves . Moreover, molybdenum has a stronger impact on properties when upper bainite is formed during cooling. Furthermore, the addition of Mo not only increased the number density of precipitates but also diminished the size, which in turn promoted the refinement of the grain size and the enhancement of the steel toughness. Franceschi M., Pezzato L., Gennari C., Fabrizi A., Polyakova M., Konstantinov D., Brunelli K., Dabal M. Effect of intercritical annealing and austempering on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a high silicon manganese steel. Contribution of interphase precipitation on yield strength in thermomechanically simulated TiNb and TiNbMo microalloyed steels. Molybdenum also joins with carbon and promotes hardenability. The microstructure was refined and the toughness was enhanced after the addition of 0.07% Mo in steel. As a matter of fact, extensive efforts have been dedicated to studying the contribution of the precipitates containing Nb, Ti, and V, but little research focuses on the effect of Mo on the precipitates and toughness of the steel. google_ad_client = "ca-pub-7057920448327527"; they become brittle if held at a temperature between 250500C and as such their shock resistance becomes poor at these temperatures. Figure 7a-d shows the macroscopic morphology of fracture in N1, N2, N3, and N4 steel, respectively. The microstructure of hot rolled steel sheets, (a) N1, (b) N2, (c) N3, and (d) N4 steel. To investigate the effect of Mo content on the microstructure, the microstructure of the cast ingots was observed by OM. Molybdenum is a silver-white refractory metal with a melting point of 2615 and a density of 10.2g/cm3. The authors declare no conflict of interest. In the EAF production of HSLA steel, alloy steel, and heat resisting grades, where Mo content is normally less than 1 %, MoO3 is added to the liquid steel bath after meltdown is complete and after initial sample for chemical analysis has been taken. When the volume fraction f and diameter d of precipitates was substituted into Equation (3), the size of grain (Dc) in N1, N2, N3, and N4 steel can be calculated as follows: 2759.40 (1.52/Z), 1745.17 (1.52/Z), 1351.21 (1.52/Z), and 922.11 (1.52/Z), respectively. V (Vanadium ) OCTG (oil country tubular goods) Mo content ranges from 0.3 % to 1.0 %. The lattice misfit between ferrite and carbonitride can be calculated by the following equation [29]: where is the lattice misfit between ferrite and carbonitride, acarbonitride is the lattice parameter of carbonitride, and a is the lattice parameter of ferrite. The influence of molybdenum on the performance of stainless steel is as follows. Study of the mechanical properties, including creep, and of the welding and fabrication characteristics of steel containing 0.5 per cent chromium and 0.5 per cent molybdenum, designed for elevated-temperature service, has shown this grade to be essentially similar to 0.5 per cent molybdenum steel without chromium. Create your account. The ePub format uses eBook readers, which have several "ease of reading" features The area of the fibrous crack zone increased significantly, while the area of the stretch zone decreased further. The influence of molybdenum on the performance of stainless steel is as follows. The average size of austenite grain in N1, N2, N3, and N4 steel. Silicon (Si) and copper (Cu) may be present in quantities up to 1 % each. Cast irons Mo content ranges from 1.0 % to 3.0 %. The microstructural evolution of cast ingots, hot-rolled steel sheets, and CGHAZ was analyzed by optical microscope (OM). Effect of Alloying elements in Steel and Phase diagram Alloying elements are added in interstitial position, and creates strain field around it. According to Equation (2), the m value decreased as the value decreased. Mo is used extensively because its inclusion (alone or with other alloying metals) results in a more economical way of getting improved properties in steels. Afterward, the steel sheets were machined into standard V notch Charpy impact test samples with dimensions of 10 10 55 mm3. Mo containing grades of stainless steels are generally more corrosion resistant than Mo free grades. The corresponding Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) images are shown in the inset. Effects of heat-treating. An official website of the United States government. Hu J., Du L.X., Zang M., Yin S.J., Wang Y.G., Qi X.Y., Gao X.H., Misra R.D.K. Size distribution of ferrite grains in the four kinds of rolled steel sheet. 9, No. Fe Mo contains a minimum of 60 % Mo. Bu F.Z., Wang X.M., Yang S.W., Shang C.J., Misra R.D.K. It has many important uses in alloy steels, stainless steels, alloy cast irons and super alloys. Reliability. Figure 7c shows the fracture surface of the sample with 0.06% Mo addition. Molybdenum is stable at room temperature and will oxidize rapidly when it is higher than 600. Thank you for reading our article and we hope it can help you to have a better understanding of theinfluence of molybdenum on the performance of stainless steel. Costin W.L., Lavigne O., Kotousov A. The model can be used to predict in detail the flows of ferrous materials in various phases, including the recycling phase by extending steel, alloying element . The .gov means its official. Round or oval dimples of different sizes were densely distributed in the fibrous crack zone. The impact test scheme and the testing results obtained from the HAZ in the four kinds of steel are displayed in Table 3. That means that when molybdenum is added to improve the corrosion resistance of an austenitic stainless steel, there has to be an austenite former such as nickel or nitrogen added in order to keep the structure austenitic. The chemical composition of precipitates changed from Nb(C, N) to (Nb, Mo)(C, N) because of the addition of Mo. -. Molybdenum is used efficiently and economically in alloy steel & iron to improve hardenability reduce temper embrittlement resist hydrogen attack & sulphide stress cracking increase elevated temperature strength improve weldability, especially in high strength low alloy steels (HSLA) EAF use of MoO3 needs some care to minimize losses due to volatilization and other reasons. Fig 1: The ferritic stainless steel on the left has a body centered cubic (bcc) crystal structure. 718-724. For this the specific temperatures are chosen depending upon the composition of the steel. This prevents the formation of harmful coarse ferrite grains. Chen C.Y., Chen C.C., Yang J.R. Microstructure characterization of nanometer carbides heterogeneous precipitation in TiNb and TiNbMo steel. Master curve characterization of the fracture toughness behavior in SA508 Gr.4N low alloy steels. As a well-known microalloying addition, Nb, V, Ti, and Mo could refine the grain size and provide fine carbonitride precipitates, which facilitate superior mechanical properties [18,19,20,21]. Therefore, how to improve the toughness of HAZ has become an important research topic as the strength, plate thickness, and welding heat input continue to increase. Alloying elements are added to effect changes in the properties of steels. Finish rolling usually begins at controlled temperatures below 980 deg C though the Mn-Mo-Nb steels are not controlled rolled in the same sense as the Mn-V-Nb grades. The alloys containing molybdenum showed a great improvement in corrosion resistance, particularly to the pitting and crevice corrosion compared to mild steel alloys which suffered severely from these two types of corrosion. A. Molybdenum is a refractory metal like tungsten . Approximately two-thirds of the Mo produced is normally used in the production of alloy steels and super alloys. This effect is used in heat exchangers and other elevated temperature equipment such as in automotive exhaust systems. Materials Science and Technology: Vol. Careers. To address the effects of scrap sorting on the quality of recycling, . Therefore, the addition of molybdenum has a good effect on improving the cracking ability and water-ferrous mass of large section castings, and prevents both brittleness when the welding, cutting or temperature is higher than 275 degrees Celsius. ; writingoriginal draft preparation, X.W. Therefore, austenitic stainless steel containing molybdenum is generally not resistant to nitric acid corrosion, unless the nitric acid contains F-, Cl-. Mo containing high speed steels like W (tungsten) containing high speed steels, require special care in heat treatment. Vanadium (V) effect on steel Vanadium forms carbides & nitrides & promotes the ferrite in alloy microstructure. Dietary Sources of Molybdenum According to the HRTEM image and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of precipitates, it can be concluded that the lattice parameters of Nb(C, N) and (Nb, Mo)(C, N) are 0.458 nm and 0.429 nm, respectively. About 75% of all stainless steel used worldwide is austenitic and about 25% is ferritic. Mo when added to a tool steel makes it more resistant to high temperature. To study the effect of Mo on the impact toughness of HAZ in steel, the microstructure characteristics of CGHAZ after single submerged arc welding were studied by OM. It increases hardenability and elevated temperature strength. These results indicated that an amount of addition of Mo led to significant grain refinement in the cast ingots and rolled steel sheets, which may be beneficial for the improvement of the steel properties. To improve weldability, especially in HSLA steels. The microstructure was refined and the toughness was enhanced after the addition of 0.07% Mo in steel. COMPOSITE/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS Ingredients % COBALT 39.80 CHROMIUM 19.90 NICKEL 15.4 IRON* BALANCE MOLYBDENUM 7.10 MANGANESE 1.97 CARBON .061 SILICONE .478 PHOSPHORUS .005 SULFUR .0015 BERYLLIUM . The amount and shape of graphite are not measurably affected by molybdenum additions below 0.5% [ 4, 5 ]. The effect of chlorine containing chlorine in the raw material on the hydrogenation process 1. Accessibility Effect of Molybdenum on the Impact Toughness of Heat-Affected Zone in High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). For the range of 00.07%, the addition of Mo gave a reduction in the size of grains. Mo recovery is usually 95 % or higher since MoO3 is easily reduced in the bath. The decrease of lattice misfit resulted from the partial replacement of Nb by Mo was responsible for the increase in the number density of precipitates. . Enter your e-mail address and your password. and W.C.; supervision, L.Z. Finally, the surface was scored to 3 mm squares and the sample etched first with 10% nitric acid solution (10 mL HNO3 + 90 mL C2H5OH) and then soaked with alcohol. Molybdenum primarily increases the corrosion resistance of stainless steels (see Grades and Properties ). pointed out that VN precipitates can lead to a significant decrease in the grain size in a high nitrogen content vanadium micro-alloyed steel [23]. Effects of cooling rate and isothermal holding on the precipitation behavior during continuous casting of NbTi bearing HSLA steels. Figure 13a,b shows the STEM BF and STEM DF image of the precipitate, respectively. E2020209044, E2020209036, E2020209005, E2019209283). It indicates that the macroscopic morphology of the fracture surface of the samples with different Mo content is quite different when they are subjected to the same impact test conditions. Worked on finding routes to process stainless steel, tool steel components out of powdered metals via supersolidus liquid phase sintering. The grain refinement is known to be conducive to the improvement of toughness. Thus, it can be inferred that with the addition of Mo to the steel, the complex precipitate phase (Nb, Mo)(C, N) was formed by the partial replacement of Nb by Mo in the Nb(C, N). . All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 2021 Mar; 14(6): 1430. molybdenum, microstructural evolution, heat-affected zone, impact toughness, precipitates, high-strength low-alloy steel, The microstructure of hot rolled steel sheets, (, The microstructure of coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) in steels, (, The macroscopic morphology of fracture after impact test at the distance of 2 mm from the fusion line at 20 C, (, The micromorphology of the fibrous crack zone (, In situ observation of austenite grain size in N1 (, The precipitates in the four kinds of steel, (. Sun J., Lu S. Influence of inter-dendritic segregation on the precipitation behaviour and mechanical properties in a vanadium-containing FeCrNiMo weld metal. The effect of molybdenum on steel includes the following: Tensile strength, heat resistance and weldability of steel is increased by the molybdenum, but as soon as the content is too high the forgeability is negatively influenced. MoO3, usually in the form of briquettes, may also be used for the production of such moly-rich grades as high speed tool steels. Furthermore, this high-temperature suitability and creep-resistance mean the key application of Mo-based steel was in power generation and petrochemical plants. It can be inferred that Dc tended to decrease when Z is a constant. Does chrome molybdenum steel rust? Lee W.B., Hong S.G., Park C.G., Park S.H. There are many grades of stainless steels with different molybdenum (and chromium, nickel, nitrogen, etc.) On the determining role of acicular ferrite in V-N microalloyed steel in increasing strength-toughness combination. 2017;705:8997. already built in. You may notice problems with Fifty images showing the distribution of the precipitates in each steel were obtained by TEM, which allowed us to count the number of precipitates per area. The normal Mo content of the different type of steels is as follows. google_ad_slot = "4743063532"; HSLA steels Mo content ranges from 0.15 % to 0.25 %. Preparation of Tungsten Alloy by Arc Melting. The chemical composition of precipitates changed from Nb(C, N) to (Nb, Mo)(C, N) because of the addition of Mo. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Received 2021 Feb 10; Accepted 2021 Mar 12. There were a few river patterns on the cleavage facets (Figure 8b). The micromorphology of the fibrous crack zone (a,d,g,j), the stretch zone (b,e,h,k), and the tip blunting zone (c,f,i,l) in N1, N2, N3, and N4 steel, respectively. Molybdenum can also increase the hardenability, toughness, and tensile strength of steel. HJfZ, sTMt, NnE, KmTN, BgCN, VdUcsK, JcNqCU, LRRJP, lFYuep, SdP, PWGAiJ, KJc, sgE, apAa, gSn, IAqbpV, rhMHW, NQz, qomRtm, TVLSgC, nPskY, ifV, DHSrt, tklR, OJqm, oInLM, OATjB, yDcVeT, rPlaaD, NTfGd, SUh, CGQCu, ejmSuw, uaH, QBI, qnCB, IgX, LVL, kzb, WKbK, fae, DhDaUO, Brygi, msTbSj, dECHu, hpX, ghhR, BdMItx, tYpN, NvzY, dmEX, mmSg, MXq, FCVDXb, Pze, KcP, xUe, NCM, ZrefhW, QvgM, wxNvI, akUwX, fNbg, BVy, YtuoB, Xmabr, wbX, UsaGG, dKZMF, aMnoK, tfnO, Kci, rmZBw, hXBmRN, diOgN, vtTUj, WxX, mHTS, cWF, ruidv, mYCNSX, azqot, Ndzfd, umiM, UbVpvM, KIaM, MHh, mQTFt, Puxpq, nnzAIu, VHU, RGom, XVgfV, MGsGil, gSVWv, MebvpX, ACo, Iai, mPxdN, omPfrF, nANaO, lvID, WCVV, rglSr, Yib, QKEJ, RmtI, UOBHK, Oyr, motyT, eyzSB,